Beyond the formal regulations on animal welfare are the conclusions drawn from scientists who have investigated stereotypic behaviour. The authors conclude "it seems likely that there are inborn or constitutional differences among individual monkeys in their 'threshold' for anxiety and that these differences might :well have a genetic or prenatal basis". Andrews is the director of psychology training for the Central Texas Veterans Health Care System. Whereas psychological science was slow to develop active interest in love, the past few decades have seen considerable growth in research on the subject. Klein and J. Rabkin. by G. Mitchell & J. Erwin, 2A:411- 454. In this case, a wheelchair user is handicapped — her mobility through use of her wheelchair is disrupted — by the missing ramp. Perceptual and Motor Skills 16:231-234. A complete psychosocial history should include: situational problems, relationship history, sexual problems of the partner, mood, sexual satisfaction, and psychological disorders. (1993, 1995)36,37 which failed to develop significant levels of stereotypic behaviour, were all wild-born animals who were captured and imported as adults. Lawrence and J. Rushen. Crockett, CM., Bowers, CL., Shimoji, M., Bellanca, R. and Bowden, DM. A striking aspect of Capitanio's (1986)12 review of repetitive locomotion stereotypes is the lack of data for pig-tail macaques. and Shiigi, S.M. Disorders of the Nervous System 21 :203-208. These authors found the occurrence of stereotypic behaviour in these animals was higher than in the marmosets but lower than in macaques. fingers, tail, or genitalia). Behavioral responses to long-tailed macaques to different cage sizes and common laboratory experiences. These authors looked at the individual behaviour of both pig- tail and bonnet macaques during a potentially stressful event: exiting the home pen to a smaller cage from which they would be removed for blood drawing. Animals which are separated from their mothers early in life seem to be more prone to developing abnormal or stereotypic behaviour. (1994). This seems to indicate that the causes of stereotypic behaviour are not as straightforward as previously described. The longer an animal stays with its mother, the less likely it seems to be that it will develop abnormal or stereotyped behaviour . 12. 33. This is significant because most laboratory macaques would not be reared under such restrictive conditions. The animals in their study which showed the highest level of stereotypic behaviour were those that had been hand-reared by humans. After 48 hours, the most restrictive cage (Size 0) was slightly enlarged to allow the animals to move more freely. and DeLizio, R.D. Finally, an animal's individual personality appears to contribute to the likelihood of it exhibiting stereotypic behaviour. A comparison of the welfare of sows in different housing conditions. Repetitive locomotion stereotypes are found in many common laboratory primates, including marmosets, squirrel monkeys, and several species of macaque. Self-aggression and social aggression in laboratory-reared macaques. and received his PhD in social psychology from the University of Virginia. Considering the conflicting experimental evidence it is likely that there may be other complicating factors contributing to the development of stereotypic behaviour in laboratory macaques. Wesseling, D., Baumans, V. and Goosen, C. (1988). An elevation in levels of urinary cortisol is usually accepted as an indicator of stress in animals. The animals which exhibited stereotypes were older and had spent more time in small individual cages. The first term — handicap — refers to an obstacle imposed on people by some constraint in the environment. It has been suggested that the stress of life in a laboratory might contribute to the development of abnormal behaviours. Disabled people who choose identity-first language claim and celebrate, rather than distance themselves, from their disabilities. Members of Deaf culture want their label to be capitalized with a "D," which is a means for establishing unity and community. Stereotypes often go through stages of development. Self abuse is considered to be the only outlet for these animals' frustration. Animal Science 61:369-385. Department of Agriculture (1991). From this evidence, it seems that the rearing history of an animal will influence whether or not that animal will show abnormal behaviour. In their paper on stereotypic behaviour in marmosets, Berkson and his colleagues (1966)18 describe the effects of isolation rearing in a germ-free environment on two marmosets. Chap. American Psychologist®, 70, 255-264. It has been believed that stereotypic behaviours will develop in a deficient environment.12,17 Several aspects of the captive environment of laboratory primates have been investigated. (1993). (1977)17 who refer to it as partially bipedal walking, than it is by Capitanio (1986)12 who refers to it as a stationary quadrupedal movement. Ed. Wiepkema and P.W.M. Clinical Laboratory Science is the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory test procedures and analyses used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of disease, and the maintenance of health. (1994)44 investigated the heart rate patterns of rhesus, bonnet, and long-tail macaques under three stressful experimental conditions. Treatment 14. (1980). Social development in nursery-reared pig-ail macaques (Macaca nemistrina). The authors concluded housing monkeys in small cages leads to development of stereotypic locomotion as a substitute for normal locomotion. (1977)17 cage size experiment, six had been raised in a laboratory and separated from their mothers at three months of age. Using phrases like "person with a disability" and "individual with an amputation" emphasizes the person and not his or her condition. 1st ed., p309. Indeed, adopting an identity-first approach instead of a person-first approach is a way to counter the criticism that the latter can occasionally imply that there is something inherently negative about disability. Several papers have shown this to be the case in experimental settings. Laboratory Animals 29:250-257. The effects of environmental complexity on the stereotyped behaviour of children. This term is used to describe an animal walking in a distinct, unchanging pattern within its cage. Similarly, placing people with disabilities on a pedestal ("You are so brave to keep trying despite your disability! Wemelsfelder , F. ( 1993) .The concept of animal boredom and its relationship to stereotypic behaviour. The third stereotype in this category is picking at nothing (self explanatory). In Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrated approach. Development of abnormal stereotyped behaviors. Primate Report 35: 8-16. Animal welfare standards, final rule (Part 3, subpart D: specifications for the humane handling, care, treatment, and transportation of nonhuman primates). However, she actually is not handicapped herself; rather, the handicapping element is in the environment, not within her. In the past, laboratory macaques were housed individually to reduce the risk of wounds due to fighting and the spread of infection. There is experimental evidence to suggest that intrinsic factors determine whether or not an individual animal will develop stereotypic behaviour. Animal Behaviour27: 699-715. (1980)32 associate stereotypes in human children with analgesia. This claiming can be about disability more generally or with regards to a particular disability. The first cage size was assigned at random but the order was the same for each monkey (0-1-4-2-3). A disability is a condition or quality linked to a particular person. pp 305-309. Primates are social animals and normally live in large groups in the wild. Knowing how to sensitively refer to members of diverse groups is also important. 28. Furthermore, the maternally reared controls in that experiment did not develop stereotypic behaviour. The term floating limb is used to describe a phenomenon which involves an animal's limb appearing to move of its own accord. 44. The conclusion drawn from the behavioural data was that cage size was the least important of all independent variables investigated. Presented pursuant to Act Eliz. Help us improve your experience by providing feedback on this page. The inability of the animal to escape from these experiences might lead to adoption of stereotyped behaviours as a means of coping with an aversive environment. Therefore, in the UK, it is considered a symptom of poor welfare. His scholarship examines teaching, learning and liberal education, as well as the social psychology of disability. Behavioral effects of prolonged partial social isolation in the rhesus monkey. 37. Berkson, G. (1967). None of these may be directly responsible for the development of stereotypic behaviour in laboratory primates. 39. Studies of stereotypy function in the canary (Serinus canarisus). 27. Psychological Reports 29:1171-1177. Stereotypies: a critical review. Some writers and scholars from the field known as disability studies, as well as advocates and activists from disability culture, prefer what is known as identity-first language for disability. Some groups within the disability community, which is arguably the largest minority group in the U.S., have already established their language preferences. by J. Aecher & L.I.A. At this stage, stimuli can even escalate performance of the behaviour. Yet these monkeys did not develop abnormal or stereotyped behaviour. After a two-week preparation phase in which the animals habituated to the experimental room, the monkeys were systematically moved from one cage size to another every two weeks until each monkey had experienced each cage size. These were routine husbandry procedures in the animals' home cage, introduction into a novel environment and full physical restraint. How should nondisabled people refer to disabled persons? In the medium cage this animal showed stereotyped pacing, occasionally throwing up her forelegs and tossing her head back. Vandenbergh, J.G. Harlow was no Freudian. (Abstract). Ed. This report will focus primarily on repetitive locomotion stereotypes in laboratory macaques. Develop- mental Psychobiology, 1:118-132. 30. Mason, W.A. Belief in the need to sterilize laboratory caging has led, in the past, to the use of small cages which could be cleaned in conventional cage wash machines. Individual housing, even with auditory, olfactory, and visual contact with con-specifics, has been considered by some to be akin to solitary confinement. More recent work by Crockett and others (1993, 1995)36,37 has come to different conclusions. Identity-first language promotes use of phrases like "amputee," "diabetic" and "disabled person" (but not "victim" or similar negative words) where disability identity comes first.